(08/25/2017)

James Strong

(The last Endnote, number #5; lists what Bible resources use which Greek New Testament, with colored fonts and a star grading system (the higher the blue star, the better), and some insights into these common Bible research aids – If I get anything wrong please let me know.  Thank you, Lisa.  Your brother in Christ, Brent)

Strong’s Concordance and Dictionary
One thing that many believers do concerning the handling of Greek words is using Strong’s Concordance’s Dictionary to translate Greek words – this is NOT only a fundamental error, but can lead to devastating conclusions regarding the misunderstanding of many Greek words.  

Language Roots
This is because Strong’s dictionary is not specific to any particular word within any particular passage, it is generic based only upon Greek roots, and cannot be used in word studies of any Greek words found in the Greek New Testament.  

The preface states it is a root dictionary ONLY – see below – “Strong’s Preface to the Dictionary.”

It is in understanding that the Koiné (“common“) Greek language uses many cognates (see Footnote #1) which in spite of utilizing the same root words, derive diverse meanings based upon the grammar; especially verbs concerning their tense, voice, and mood, which is very misleading in understanding the full meanings of Greek words listed in the Strong’s dictionary. 

All languages combine words (compounds), and have cognates wherein words express diverse meaning, wherein the Greek language abounds in this practice.  

This is what makes the effort to record a concordance of every book in the Bible so difficult.  

As stated in the preface to Strong’s concordance and dictionary, his dictionary is a root dictionary wherein many words are not actually spelled as listed in their real meaning when you look them up in a Greek New Testament.  

This difficulty is noted when utilizing a New Testament Greek Interlinear where the English words are recorded beneath the Greek text, giving the reader the opportunity to see the exact spelling of any specific word used, which a majority of the time is different than found in Strong’s root dictionary.   (Please see Endnote #2) 

Root Defined
“A root, or a root word, is a word that does not have a prefix (in front of the word) or a suffix (at the end of a word). The root word is the primary lexical unit of a word, and of a word family (root is then called base word), which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents. Content words in nearly all languages contain, and may consist only of root morphemes. However, sometimes the term “root” is also used to describe the word minus its inflectional endings, but with its lexical endings in place.” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_(linguistics)

The uses of the word “root“ should make the point obvious that this Greek dictionary was never meant to be a specific dictionary concerning precise words and their exact meaning, which is determined within the passage wherein the parsing of the exact word and is noted because of the diverse spelling concerning the use of an affix (Circumfix, Duplifix, Infix, Interfix, Transfix, Simulfix, Suprafix, Disfix) like a prefix (also called a “preformative”) and suffix, which is NOT used in a root dictionary and AND therefore the grammatical breakdown of the verbs into their delineation, as well as the case forms, of which there are five; nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, or dative; are absent.

If a concordance was assembled, which listed all the variances of all the words to their exact meaning within just the Greek New Testament, it would be hundreds of thousands of pages long because of the diversity of words from their original root meaning to the specific meaning of that word with in a specific passage.  

Therefore, a manageable concordance could ONLY be based upon the root words, but as James Strong says himself in his preface, his dictionary was never meant for Word study.

A Word Study by its very nature must break down passages according to their delineation which is specific to that passage alone, meaning that a concordance would have to list many individual passages, since a majority of words are changed in their spelling from one passage to the next.  

The deviations may be slight in some cases, but the ramifications can be enormous in others.

Example ~ Judgment
Because of the diversity of combining words (compounds consists of more than one stem, a stem is a part of a word.) and the slightly different spellings wherein there may be over a half a dozen different Greek words, such as the word “judge,” which is translated into only one English word, but has a range of meaning from judging unto condemnation, which is condemned in the Bible and only allowed for the creator God to do, as compared to discernment like when Paul chides the Corinthians for not being able to exercise proper biblical judgment.  

How often do we hear Christians misquote Scriptures concerning judging, advising others to NOT judge them, even as they openly sin, which is the opposite that is taught in God’s Word?  

For example, the first chapter of Romans is inaccurately used to tell Christians not to judge, when the immediate biblical context is speaking about unbelievers judging others, not believers.  

There are more warnings to exercise proper biblical judgment by far than warnings not to judge.

In many passages the subject cautions against judging regarding the manner or mindset of judging, or the spiritual state of the individual making the observation.  We are NOT told to NOT point out a “speck in our brother’s eye,” but to make sure that we deal with the beam in our own eye first.  

Discernment is a requirement for human existence, but even more so for a born-again believer.  It’s not merely knowing the difference between good and evil, it is also avoiding the rationalization that moves us from good to evil via shades of grey.  Many times the enemy of the good is not evil, but second best, when it takes pre-eminence over what is best.  

The Reason for a Lack of Discernment
Yet, because we have ONLY one English word for “judge,” as compared to the half a dozen in the Greek New Testament, the word “judgement” as used in the English translations is misused and misunderstood; and now we have a whole generation of believers that misunderstand God’s command for us to discern the world around us to the extent that now believers live milquetoast lives because of their inability to exercise godly judgment as seen in Hebrews 5:11-14, where the writer of the book of Hebrews connects the fact that believers cannot indulge in the meat of the word of God because they refused to exercise proper biblical judgment over good and evil, and therefore can only stand the milk of the word.

King James Translation (KJV)

“Of whom we have many things to say, and hard to be uttered, seeing ye are dull of hearing. For when for the time ye ought to be teachers, ye have need that one teach you again which be the first principles of the oracles of God; and are become such as have need of milk, and not of strong meat. For every one that useth milk is unskilful in the word of righteousness: for he is a babe. But strong meat belongeth to them that are of full age, even those who by reason of use have their senses exercised to discern both good and evil.”  (Hebrews 5:11-14 ~ KJV) 

Literal Translation of the Holy Bible (LITV)

“Concerning whom we have much discourse, and hard to interpret, or to speak, since you have come to be dull in the hearings. For indeed because of the time you are due to be teachers, yet you need to have someone to teach you again the rudiments of the beginning of the Words of God, and you came to be having need of milk, and not of solid food; for everyone partaking of milk is without experience in the Word of Righteousness, for he is an infant. But solid food is for those full grown, having exercised the faculties through habit, for distinction of both good and bad.”  (Hebrews 5:11-14 ~ Literal Translation of the Holy Bible [LITV], By: Jay P. Green, Sr., who only uses Textus Receptus or Majority Text.)

Lexham English Bible (LEB)

Advanced Teaching Hindered by Immaturity
“Concerning this [a] we have much to say and it is difficult to explain [b], since you have become sluggish in hearing. For indeed, although you [c] ought to be teachers by this time [d], you have need of someone to teach you again the beginning elements of the oracles of God, and you have need of [e] milk, not [f] solid food. For everyone who partakes of milk is unacquainted with the message of righteousness, because he is an infant. But solid food is for the mature, who because of practice have trained their faculties for the distinguishing of both good and evil.” (Hebrews 5:11-14 ~ Lexham English Bible [LEB], By: Logos Bible Software)

Footnotes:
a: Hebrews 5:11 Literally “which”
b: Hebrews 5:11 Literally “great for us the message and hard to explain to say”
c: Hebrews 5:12 Here “although” is supplied as a component of the participle (“ought”) which is understood as concessive”
d: Hebrews 5:12 Literally “because of the time”
e: Hebrews 5:12 Literally “you are having need of”
f: Hebrews 5:12 Some manuscripts have “and not”

This great misunderstanding has created more false doctrine in churches because we have used root dictionaries to define words within a passage, which do not give us the exact meaning of God’s will concerning that word as seen in Greek or Hebrew word studies.

Ministers Using Strong’s Dictionary
I cannot tell you of how many times I have heard ministers using definitions of Greek words from Strong’s dictionary, and doing so incorrectly as opposed to actually doing the hard work of parsing the Greek and learning how to do so correctly.  

Strong’s is never meant to be preached from.  It is meant to locate passages in the Bible if you know only one word in that passage, but even many of the current hybrid Strong’s Greek dictionaries still display the same problem with presenting only root words.  

Ministers should be using only Greek New Testaments, or excellent Word Studies that go into great depth, and even Vines doesn’t hold up to this standard.  

Strong’s contribution, which utilized over a 100 contributors is a fantastic tool in locating passages, especially understanding when it was created over 100 years ago before the use of computers.  

And the dictionaries in the back are only meant to be a general guide, which he notes in the preface, that no one ever reads; explaining that it is a root dictionary.

James Strong was NOT a Linguist that understood Biblical Languages 
Though James Strong was a professor, he was NOT a professor in Greek or Hebrew, and was not fluent in these languages, he received nothing but a summary introduction education in these languages.  And his credentials as a Doctorate of theology are only honorary; even though he became a professor of Biblical Literature and Exegetical Theology at Troy University and Drew theological seminary in New York.  

It appears that his highest earned degree was a Masters (Not in biblical languages, but generic in theology), wherein he was the valedictorian of his graduating class.  He was given (Not earned) three honors doctorates (Dr. of Divinity, Dr. of sacred theology, and Dr. of laws) degrees (not based upon academia, studies; meaning they were NOT earned), because of his reputation as a professor and his writings; none concerning biblical language.

SIDENOTE:
There are a lot of ministers that place Dr. before their name when they have been given Doctor of Divinity (D.D.) degrees, not earned degrees; meaning they are fake!

Doctor of Divinity (D.D.) degrees in England are earned degrees, which is an advanced doctorate degree rarely given.  In America, this is an honorary degree given usually by a religious organization or institution, but is not an earned degree.  Individuals who put Dr. in front of their name are committing a fraud in that people will believe that they earned a doctorate degree, when they have not, it was merely GIVEN to them.  

When a church, denomination, or religious organization makes a minister a Bishop they will commonly give them a Doctorate of Divinity (This is starting to be seen in many churches, where they love to address their pastor as doctor… .  Where many honorary degrees abound, as well as the use of the term “Bishop,” used for pastors; all done as opposed to Matthew 23:1-12.) in recognition of their position, but never earned.  How we love titles.  

No record exists that James Strong majored in biblical languages, or received a degree in this specialized training concerning linguistics for either Hebrew or Greek. 

PERSONAL NOTE: 
I made the mistake of utilizing Strong’s for many years while preaching. It is this kind of mistake that leads to the teaching that man is instrumental in his own salvation when dealing with Scripture such as Philippians 2:12, which states:

“Wherefore, my beloved, as ye have always obeyed, not as in my presence only, but now much more in my absence, work out your own salvation with fear and trembling.” (KJV)

Without understanding the original Greek language I along with many others believed that I had to add to my salvation in some capacity, to “work it out.”

Yet now that I understand the Greek, I understand the difference between the English phrasing of this word in the Greek. In the Greek it means to come to understand what has been done, it would be synonymous to a teacher working out the formula of a math problem, doing the work himself, then telling the child to work out how he did it, and how he came to his conclusion on their own.

The purpose would be to understand the price that was paid for the conclusion. This is why the passage states that concerning our salvation we should do so with “fear and trembling.” Understanding that to purchase our salvation it cost the most expensive fee in all of existence, the blood of a sinless peer being, the blood of God’s Son, God Himself Jesus Christ to pay the price for our sins.

We did nothing whatsoever to deserve salvation, we are not even saved by faith. We are saved by grace, yet faith is a necessary vehicle to access that grace, if you don’t receive it it’s because you don’t believe it, yet faith is not a condition of receiving, it is the method of receiving.

Salvation is based solely on the work of Jesus Christ on the cross 2000 years ago, it is this that Paul tells us to work out and understand so that we comprehend the seriousness of sin. Sin is so devastating that the only thing that could balance the scales is complete righteousness, the complete righteousness of Jesus Christ taking our place in pain for our sins, this always brings me to a place of fear in understanding the devastation of sin and a complete and utter respect of how far God was willing to go to pay for that sin.

I did not learn this lesson until I light understood the Greek grammar of these words.

If anything makes this ministry different than others, it is because I am obsessed with the Greek grammar of the word of God, the very language that God chose to convey this most precious message to mankind, the gospel of Jesus Christ, wherein God’s only begotten son, the incarnate deity and God who came down to pay for our sins. Generically, the sixth thing that Jesus said from the cross, generically is interpreted, “it is finished.” Yet specifically the Greek means “paid in full,” or recompense and full. Many would ask the difference in these two understandings.

I’ve heard many people that are not believers say that Jesus was a good teacher, and with this mindset could say that when he said it is finished he was referring to his teaching. Or perhaps he was referring to giving up his life.

Jesus teaching is important but it is not the primary reason for his incarnation, because without his death his teaching would do us no good, we might become more moral people but we would still go to hell.

When Jesus said paid in full he was referring to the gospel, the good news as defined in 1st Corinthians 15:1-4, which states:

“Moreover, brethren, I declare unto you the gospel which I preached unto you, which also ye have received, and wherein ye stand; By which also ye are saved, if ye keep in memory what I preached unto you, unless ye have believed in vain. For I delivered unto you first of all that which I also received, how that Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures; And that he was buried, and that he rose again the third day according to the scriptures” (KJV)

The Gospel is not the teachings of Jesus.

The Gospel is the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus Christ who did so to purchase our salvation by paying for our sins, bracketed between the comment “according to the Scriptures,” indicating that these three components of the gospel our primary and taught throughout the old and New Testament. It is understanding the Greek, that over two decades ago I came to understand, Jesus, more than for gave me, He “paid my sins in full.”

There is nothing that I can add to my own salvation he did 100% of it, it is simply my pleasure to accept it by believing it, and thus live a life of faith and trust in him, never taking for granted the power of sin, understanding how much he paid to purchase me because of it.

This is what knowing the Greek grammar means to an individual who wishes to teach God’s word, not generically regurgitating what a root dictionary states.

Taken original Greek Preface, Written by Strong himself

Strong’s Preface to the Dictionary

Hebrew Preface:

“This work, although prepared as a companion to the exhaustive concordance, to which it is specifically adapted, is here paged and printed so that it can be bound separately, in the belief that a brief and simple dictionary of the biblical Hebrew and Chaldee will be useful to students and others, who do not care at all times to consult a more precise and elaborate lexicon; and it will be particularly serviceable to many who are unable to turn conveniently and rapidly, amid the perplexities and details of foreign characters with which the pages of Genesis and Fϋrst bristol, to the fundamental and essential points of information that they are seeking. Even scholars will find here, not only all of a strictly verbal character which they most frequently want in ordinary consultation of a lexicon, but numerous original suggestions, relations, and distinction, commonly made and clearly put, which are not unworthy of their attention, especially in the affinities of roots and the classification of meanings…  The design of the volume, being purely lexical, does not include grammatical, archaeological, or exegetical details, which would have swelled its size and encumbered its plan.

Taken original Greek Preface, Written by Strong himself:

“This work is entirely similar an origin, method, and design, to the authors Hebrew dictionary, and may be employed separately, for a corresponding purpose and with a like result, namely, to be serviceable to many who have not the wish or the ability to use a more capricious lexicon of the Greek New Testament. In this case also even scholars will find many suggestions and explanations not unworthy of their attention”

As has been stated in his defense, James Strong never contributed original research. The term original research has to do with defining words terms and insights as compared to restating passages as is done in a concordance.  A concordance is a guide that list individual words to be found in the Bible, by its very nature it is not an original research work, utilizing rules of literature or science in defining or presenting hypothesis or conclusions.  What the writers did was categorize English words in the English translation of the Old and New Testaments alphabetically as a guide to their location within these volumes – their purpose was never to define words, or prescribed two or teach doctrine or theology, a concordance is a book of lists.

Strong’s Concordance is a fantastic tool. But it must be used as it was meant, as a concordance, not a Greek word study

So Who Do We Use for Greek Word Study Guides
One of the best layman Greek Word Studies, meaning that the author defines the words without explaining the delineation of the verb, such as: the tense, mood, voice, gender, and number; or the case of the noun or other grammatical nuances; is found in The Complete Word Study New Testament along with the other dictionaries and parallel Bibles within this series.

Better Yet
However, as good as utilizing Greek word studies can be, this still only displays a partial understanding of any specific word without going into the details of the grammar itself.

The next step in gaining greater understanding of Greek words wherein the student of the Bible digs even deeper into the language is in regards to parsing the delineations as stated above (The verb, such as: the tense, mood, voice, gender, and number; or the case of the noun or other grammatical nuances;).  This is the level that the teacher of God’s word should be at in order to thoroughly equip (“All scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness: That the man of God may be perfect, throughly furnished unto all good works.” (2 Timothy 3:16-17 ~ KJV), the saints of God regarding the whole counsel of God concerning His Word (“For I have not shunned to declare unto you all the counsel of God. Take heed therefore unto yourselves, and to all the flock, over the which the Holy Ghost hath made you overseers, to feed the church of God, which he hath purchased with his own blood.”  Acts 20:27-28 ~ KJV).   In order to attempt this please email me and I will suggest further tools for greater examination at this level.  The final step in attempting to master the Greek New Testament language and grammar is to become completely fluent in the written and spoken word of classical and Koiné Greek language

The Complete Word Study New Testament
The excellent Greek translation work done by Spiros Zodhiates TH. D; is by far a great tool for the biblical layman.  

Spiros earned his doctorate degree (achieved) in University after many years of study in the Greek language.

He is fluent in writing and speaking in Classical and Koiné Greek, and also has spoken Greek all his life as a native of Greece. 

He translates words based upon the specific Scripture, where the differences of how a word is translated is based upon the grammar of the verbs in that particular usage in the context wherein each usage of the word can be completely diverse from another. 

This can be verified by a Greek New Testament Bible (I reference only the Textus Receptus Greek New Testament – See Endnote #3).

This is why the diligent student of Greek never utilizes Strong’s Concordance’s Dictionary for translation work because it only utilizes generic – root words without their specific meaning as found only in the text is used.

Strong’s was never meant to be an exhaustive Greek Dictionary, it was designed to give a general reference to the meaning of words utilized within his concordance, whose main purpose is to locate words in the Bible using an identification system which is common in most Greek translation work.  

(739)

“Textus Receptus Wiki” States Regarding Strong’s Concordance:

Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, generally known as Strong’s Concordance, is a concordance of the King James Bible (KJV) that was constructed under the direction of Dr. James Strong (1822–1894) and first published in 1890. Dr. Strong was Professor of exegetical theology at Drew Theological Seminary at the time. It is an exhaustive cross-reference of every word in the KJV back to the word in the original text.

Unlike other Biblical reference books, the purpose of Strong’s Concordance is not to provide content or commentary about the Bible, but to provide an index to the Bible. This allows the reader to find words where they appear in the Bible. This index allows a student of the Bible to re-find a phrase or passage previously studied or to compare how the same topic is discussed in different parts of the Bible.

Strong’s Concordance includes:
The 8674 Hebrew root words used in the Old Testament. (Example: 582)
The 5624 Greek root words used in the New Testament. (Example: 3056)

James Strong did not construct Strong’s Concordance by himself; it was constructed with the effort of more than a hundred colleagues. It has become the most widely used concordance for the King James Bible.

Each original-language word is given an entry number in the dictionary of those original language words listed in the back of the concordance. These have become known as the “Strong’s numbers”. The main concordance lists each word that appears in the KJV Bible in alphabetical order with each verse in which it appears listed in order of its appearance in the Bible, with a snippet of the surrounding text (including the word in italics). Appearing to the right of scripture reference is the Strong’s number. This allows the user of the concordance to look up the meaning of the original language word in the associated dictionary in the back, thereby showing how the original language word was translated into the English word in the KJV Bible.

New editions of Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible are still in print (in 2007). Additionally, other authors have used Strong’s numbers in concordances of other Bible translations, such as the New International Version and American Standard Version. These are often also referred to as Strong’s Concordances.

Although the Greek words in Strong’s Concordance are numbered 1–5624, the numbers 2717 and 3203–3302 are unassigned due to “changes in the enumeration while in progress”. Not every distinct word is assigned a number, but only the root words. For example, αγαπησεις is assigned the same number as αγαπατε — both are listed as 25 “αγαπαω”.

Strong’s Concordance is not a translation of the Bible nor is it intended as a translation tool. The use of Strong’s numbers is not a substitute for professional translation of the Bible from Hebrew and Greek into English by those with formal training in ancient languages and the literature of the cultures in which the Bible was written.

Since Strong’s Concordance identifies the original words in Hebrew and Greek, Strong’s Numbers are sometimes misinterpreted by those without adequate training to change the Bible from its accurate meaning simply by taking the words out of cultural context.

The use of Strong’s numbers does not consider figures of speech, metaphors, idioms, common phrases, cultural references, references to historical events, or alternate meanings used by those of the time period to express their thoughts in their own language at the time.

As such, professionals and amateurs alike must consult a number of contextual tools to reconstruct these cultural backgrounds.

Many scholarly Greek and Hebrew Lexicons (e.g., Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon, Thayer’s Greek Dictionary, and Vine’s Bible Dictionary) also use Strong’s numbers for cross-referencing, encouraging hermeneutical approaches to study.

(http://textus-receptus.com/wiki/Strong’s_Concordance)

“Wikipedia” States Regarding Strong’s Concordance:

Strong’s Concordance Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, generally known as Strong’s Concordance, is a concordance, constructed under the direction of Dr. James Strong (1822–1894), of the King James Version (KJV). Dr. Strong first published his Concordance in 1890, while Professor of exegetical theology at Drew Theological Seminary. It is an exhaustive cross-reference of every word in the KJV back to the word in the original text.

Unlike other Biblical reference books, the purpose of Strong’s Concordance is not to provide content or commentary about the Bible, but to provide an index to the Bible. This allows the reader to find words where they appear in the Bible. This index allows a student of the Bible to re-find a phrase or passage previously studied. It also lets the reader directly compare how the same word may be used elsewhere in the Bible. In this way Strong provides an independent check against translations, and offers an opportunity for greater, and more technically accurate understanding of text.

Strong’s Concordance includes:

• The 8674 Hebrew root words used in the Old Testament. (Example: Hebrew word #582
• The 5624 Greek root words used in the New Testament. (Example: Greek word #3056

James Strong did not construct Strong’s Concordance by himself; it was compiled with the effort of more than a hundred colleagues. It has become the most widely used concordance for the King James Bible.  Each original language word is given an entry number in the dictionary of those original

language words listed in the back of the concordance. These have become known as the “Strong’s numbers”. The main concordance lists each word that appears in the KJV Bible in alphabetical order with each verse in which it appears listed in order of its appearance in the Bible, with a snippet of the surrounding text (including the word in italics). Appearing to the right of scripture reference is the Strong’s number. This allows the user of the concordance to look up the meaning of the original language word in the associated dictionary in the back, thereby showing how the original language word was translated into the English word in the KJV Bible.

New editions of Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible remain in print as of 2012.  Additionally, other authors have used Strong’s numbers in concordances of other Bible translations, such as the New International Version and American Standard Version. These are often also referred to as Strong’s numbers.  New editions of Strong’s may exclude the comparative section (1611 KJV to 1614) and the asterisks that denote differential definitions of the same Hebrew or Greek words; due perhaps to denominational considerations, definitions may also be altered.  Although the Greek words in Strong’s Concordance are numbered 1–5624, the numbers 2717 and 3203–3302 are unassigned due to “changes in the enumeration while in progress”.

Not every distinct word is assigned a number, but only the root words. For example, αγαπησεις is assigned the same number as αγαπατε – both are listed as Greek word #25 in Strong’s αγαπαω.

Strong’s Concordance is not a translation of the Bible, nor is it intended as a translation tool. The use of Strong’s numbers is not a substitute for professional translation of the Bible from Hebrew and Greek into English by those with formal training in ancient languages and in the literature of the cultures in which the Bible was written.  Since Strong’s Concordance identifies the original words in Hebrew and Greek, those without adequate training sometimes misinterpret Strong’s numbers to change the Bible from its accurate meaning simply by taking the words out of cultural context. The use of Strong’s numbers does not consider figures of speech, metaphors, idioms, euphemisms, common phrases, cultural references, references to historical events, or alternate meanings used by original writers to express their thoughts in their own language at the time. As such, professionals and amateurs alike must consult a number of contextual tools to reconstruct these cultural backgrounds. Many scholarly Greek and Hebrew lexicons (e.g., the Brown, Driver, Briggs Hebrew lexicon, Thayer’s Greek Lexicon, and Vine’s Bible Dictionary) also use Strong’s numbers for cross-referencing, encouraging hermeneutical approaches to study.

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance)

Brent

Endnote:
1.  Cognates

“In linguistics, cognates are words that have a common etymological origin.[1] In etymology, the cognate category excludes doublets and loan words. The word cognate derives from the Latin noun cognatus, which means “blood relative”.[2]

Cognates do not need to have the same meaning, which may have changed as the languages developed separately. For example, consider English starve and Dutch sterven or Germansterben (“to die”); these three words all derive from the same Proto-Germanic root, *sterbaną (“die”). English dish and German Tisch (“table”), with their flat surfaces, both come from Latindiscus, but it would be a mistake to identify their later meanings as the same. Discus is from Greek δίσκος (from the verb δικεῖν “to throw”). A later and separate English reflex of discus, probably through medieval Latin desca, is desk (see OED s.v. desk).

Cognates also do not need to have obviously similar forms, e.g. English father, French père, and Armenian հայր (hayr) all descend directly from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr.

1. Crystal, David, ed. (2011). “cognate”. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics (6th ed.). Blackwell Publishing. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-4443-5675-5. OCLC 899159900. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
   Jump up^”cognate”, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed.: “Latin cognātus: co-, co- + gnātus, born, past participle of nāscī, to be born.” Other definitions of the English word include “[r]elated by blood; having a common ancestor” and “[r]elated or analogous in nature, character, or function”.Crystal, David, ed. (2011). “cognate”. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics (6th ed.). Blackwell Publishing. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-4443-5675-5. OCLC 899159900. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
   
2. Jump up^”cognate”, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed.: “Latin cognātus: co-, co- + gnātus, born, past participle of nāscī, to be born.” Other definitions of the English word include “[r]elated by blood; having a common ancestor” and “[r]elated or analogous in nature, character, or function“.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognate
(From Brent:  To the purist in linguistics who would suggest that quoting Wikipedia is unprofessional, perhaps.  But when what is stated is correct, Wikipedia can present definitions much more concise and accurately than textbooks or journals with simple words that are much easier for us layman to understand.  Remember Einstein’s words: “Everything should be as simple as it can be, but not simpler” – Albert Einstein “A Scientist’s Defense of Art and Knowledge – of Lightness, Completeness and Accuracy.”)

2.  Strong’s Concordance & Dictionary – Root Words

“Although the Greek words in Strong’s Concordance are numbered 1–5624 editions of Strong’s, the numbers 2717 and 3203–3302 are unassigned due to “changes in the enumeration while in progress”. Not every distinct word is assigned a number, but only the root words. For example, αγαπησεις is assigned the same number as αγαπατε – both are listed as Greek word #25 in Strong’s “αγαπαω”.

Strong’s Concordance is not a translation of the Bible nor is it intended as a translation tool. The use of Strong’s numbers is not a substitute for professional translation of the Bible from Hebrew and Greek into English by those with formal training in ancient languages and the literature of the cultures in which the Bible was written.

Since Strong’s Concordance identifies the original words in Hebrew and Greek, Strong’s numbers are sometimes misinterpreted by those without adequate training to change the Bible from its accurate meaning simply by taking the words out of cultural context. The use of Strong’s numbers does not consider figures of speech, metaphors, idioms, common phrases, cultural references, references to historical events, or alternate meanings used by those of the time period to express their thoughts in their own language at the time. As such, professionals and amateurs alike must consult a number of contextual tools to reconstruct these cultural backgrounds. Many scholarly Greek and Hebrew Lexicons (e.g., Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon, Thayer’s Greek Dictionary, and Vine’s Bible Dictionary) also use Strong’s numbers for cross-referencing, encouraging hermeneutical approaches to study.”

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance

3.  Textus Receptus (clickable links)

I only use the Textus Receptus (Theopedia.com) for Greek word study meanings, there are too many thousands of deviations in the newer (Alexandrian type text) translations which do harm to the original meaning. The Textus Receptus, utilized for the King James Translation has known English translation errors that are understood, corrected, and do no fundamental damage to any doctrine, unlike the newer translations.

The New King James is not based upon the Textus Receptus (Wikipedia.com).  Read the introduction to the New King James Bible, it is written in the spirit of the King James Bible (Textus Receptus), but it is based upon Alexandrian codices, which many translators, including myself feel are corrupted when it is compared with the Textus Receptus (Chick.com), [See Footnote #4 below].

Textual Criticism is a complicated subject, where there are individuals which abuse forms of translation styles and formats, commonly referred to as Higher Criticism (newworldencyclopedia.org), which was created 200 years ago.  I am a follower of the teachers of the last few hundred years regarding Lower Criticism, which has been the standard of literature research and biblical criticism for the last 2000 years, beginning in the early writings of the second century and utilized in Antioch as the first Christian center of education regarding the gospel, under the leading of Lucian of Antioch (Britannica.com) [though vilified and belittled by the followers of Higher Criticism], who utilized those texts which were later made up the Textus Receptus.  For over 1300 years these documents had been used until they were codified in the authorized text.

Higher Criticism teaches that many of the books of the Bible were NOT written by the stated authors, and are not credible as an errant, such as the Deutero-Isaiah theory, or the Documentary Hypothesis of the Pentateuch, also known as the JEDP Theory.  Almost all of the newer critics that follow Higher Criticism (GotQuestions.com) do not believe in the complete inerrancy of the Bible, nor many believe in the inspiration of the holy writ as well. 

On the other side of the issue are those who referred to themselves as King James only purist who even go so far as to state that the English translation of the Textus Receptus, the King James is the only inspired word of God.   They go so far as to even indicate that the Textus Receptus and other original Greek language New Testaments are corrupted, while the translated into English version of the King James is pure and without any translational errors, which is quite ridiculous in itself.  

There are many of us that believe that the Textus Receptus may be the best Koiné Greek copies that we have, yet also value the other Byzantine texts as well, referred to as the Majority Text.

Textual Criticism, in the form of Higher Criticism is taught by almost all Christian schools of higher education, to their own shame.

4.  Lucian of Antioch

“Saint Lucian of Antioch, (born c. 240, Samosata, Commagene, Syria [now Samsat, Turkey]—died January 7, 312, Nicomedia, Bithynia, Asia Minor [now İzmit, Turkey]) Christian theologian-martyr who originated a theological tradition at Antioch that was noted for biblical linguistic scholarship and for a rationalist approach to Christian doctrine.

In his principal work, Lucian analyzed the Greek text of both the Old and New Testaments, creating a tradition of manuscripts known as the Lucianic Byzantine, or Syrian, text. Until the development of 19th-century biblical criticism, its clarity made it the common text. By comparative study of the Greek and Hebrew grammatical styles in their Semitic background, Lucian proposed to limit the symbolical interpretation characteristic of the Alexandrian (Egyptian) allegorical tradition by emphasizing the primacy of the literal sense, whether expressed directly or metaphorically.”  

[These Alexandrian Codices, now referred to as Eclectic Manuscripts are the basis of almost all of the newer translations over the past 128 years, since Westcott and Hort legitimized Higher Criticism and made famous the use of Alexandrian manuscripts as the standard of modern textual criticism, dethroning lower criticism which had been utilized for over 1800 years concerning Bible transmission and translation.  By Brent]

Encyclopedia Britannica (http://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Lucian-of-Antioch)

This teaching is not without controversy, as Westcott and Hort, and those committed to the Alexandrian Codex and Higher Criticism have attacked the idea that Lucian’s collection of Koiné Greek Byzantine manuscripts was in common use prior to the 14^th century, and thus used as the foundation for the Textus Receptus; most prominent antagonist of this hypothesis is German Roman Catholic theologian Thomas Böhm, who writes:

“an effort has been made to discover a Lucianic recension of the LXX and the NT Koine, which formed the basis of the textus receptus. But, for one thing, the criteria are unclear for determining how this recension could have been made by Lucian (the relationship to the Hexapla is also unclear). For another, what is regarded as typical of Lucian can be seen prior to Lucian (Philo, Josephus, Clement Alex., papyri of the 1st and 2nd c., etc.). The effort to find a Lucianic recension must be regarded as a failure.” (Dictionary of Early Christian Literature, pp. 388-389) 

T. Böhm’s comments are disputed by many, and at variance with fourth and fifth century church writers, wherein Lucian’s work on the Septuagint and Koiné Greek New Testament is not in question, but considered a fact due to the preponderance of witnesses, wherein questioning the criteria of Lucian’s work in both of these works is ridiculous.

When a large preponderance of credible witnesses attributes a written work to Lucian of Antioch, one should come to the conclusion that one speculation does not outweigh the preponderance of evidence given by these individuals.    Simply stating that IF there is no proof of how someone did something, because you do not understand how they did it, is not evidence against the claim that it was done by that person.

And secondly, simply because Lucian may have constructed or presented words, expressions, sentences, or written works in the same style as a previous writer of great fame, perhaps even quoting them or coming to the same conclusions concerning a translation, does not disqualify what Lucian translated.

The point is, what is the most accurate translation, rather Josephus translated text correctly, or Clement, or any other writings; what should be of concern is the accuracy of that translation, not if others have come to the same conclusion prior to the work in question.

If you note a bias in my tone concerning T. Böhm’s work, it is because after having read much of what he has written, I find his own prejudice to be overwhelming, and his lack of investigative analysis to be immense, to the extent he holds no credibility with myself, and many others, even if he is highly acclaimed among those that adhere to Higher Criticism.

Speaking for myself, as a born again Protestant believer who holds to a literal translation of the Bible, I maintain conflicting views concerning many major theological doctrines with Thomas Böhm, a German Roman Catholic theologian lacking agreement with many of his German Roman Catholic views.

5.  Bible Resources – Pending – To be completed 11/11/2017

First let me share an online resource which you can use to break down the grammar of the Textus Receptus yourself. When you see a second set Strong’s numbers in brackets over a word, it is using a (“Strong’s TVM,” meaning Tense, Voice, and Mood), grammatical number to indicate the breakdown of the word. This numbering system is listed with type Strong’s numbers, but was created a few years ago to help students of English break down Geek Bible words – it is a good layman aid.

“The difference between ‘involvement’ and ‘commitment’
is like an eggs-and-ham breakfast:
the chicken was ‘involved’ – the pig was ‘committed’.”

RESOURCE LISTING

–

A GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE BIBLE, Norman L. Geisler & William E. Nix, Moody press, Chicago IL, USA, 1968, Page 00.  ****

A SHORT LIFE OF CHRIST, Everett F. Harrison, William. B. Eerdman’s Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, MI 49502, USA, 1980, Page 00.

ALL THE DOCTRINES OF THE BIBLE, Herbert Lockyer, Zondervan Publishing House, Grand Rapids, MI 49502, USA, 1964-1975.  *****

ADAM CLARKE’S COMMENTARY ON THE NEW TESTAMENT, Parsons Technology, Inc., Cedar Rapids, IA 52404, USA, 1999, Electronic Media.

ALBERT BARNES’ NOTES ON THE BIBLE, Albert Barnes, (1798-1870), e-Sword.net.

–

BELIEVERS BIBLE COMMENTARY, William McDonald, Thomas Nelson publishers, Nashville TN, 1995.

BIBLE BACKGROUND COMMENTARY, NEW TESTAMENT, Lawrence O. Richards, Victor Books, Wheaton, IL 60187, USA, 1994, Page 00.

–

BIBLICAL NUMEROLOGY, A BASIC STUDY OF THE USE OF NUMBERS IN THE BIBLE, John J. Davis, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, MI 49502, USA, 1968.  [I oppose much of this book]

BROWN-DRIVER-BRIGGS’ HEBREW DEFINITIONS, Parsons Technology Inc., Cedar Rapids, IA 52404, USA, 1999, Electronic Media.  ****

–

COMBAT FAITH – UNSHAKABLE FAITH FOR EVERYDAY, Hal Lindsey, Western Front, Ltd., Publishing Company, Palos Verdes, CA, USA, 1999.

DAKE’S ANNOTATED REFERENCE BIBLE, Finis Jennings Dake, Dake Bible Sales, Inc., Lawrenceville, GA 30246, USA, 1963-1991, Page 00.  Uses only the Textus Receptus

–

DICTIONARY OF PREMILLENNIAL THEOLOGY, Larry V. Crutchfield, Mal Couch General Editor, Kregel Publications, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996, page 00.  *****

E-SWORD, VERSION 8.0.6, Rick Myers; www.e-sword.net  ****

EASTON’S BIBLE DICTIONARY AND BOOK SYNOPSIS, M.G. Easton, Ellis Enterprises Inc.  Oklahoma City, OK 73120, USA, 1988-1999, Electronic Media.

ELWELL’S EVANGELICAL DICTIONARY OF THEOLOGY, Walter A. Elwell, Baker Book House Company, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA, 1984, Electronic Media.

EVANGELICAL COMMENTARY ON THE BIBLE, Walter A. Elwell, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids MI 49516, USA, 1994.  [I adamantly disagrees with their use of the NIV].  ***

–

FIGURES OF SPEECH USED IN THE BIBLE, E. W. Bullinger, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA, 1898, / Reprint in 1999.  ****  Uses only the Textus Receptus

JAMIESON, FAUSSET AND BROWN; COMMENTARY ON THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS, Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, & David Brown, Hendrickson Publishers, Inc., Peabody, MA 01961, 1948.      Uses Alexandrian Codex

JOHN GILL’S EXPOSITION OF THE ENTIRE BIBLE, E-Sword, Rick Myers; http://www.e-sword.net

–

HARRIS’S THEOLOGICAL WORDBOOK OF THE OLD TESTAMENT, Laid R Harris, Moody Press, Chicago, IL 60610, USA, 1980, Electronic Media.  **

–

HEBREW GREEK KEY STUDY BIBLE, Spiros Zodhiates, PH T., AMG Publications, Chattanooga, TN 37422, USA, 1990, Page 00.  ****  Uses only the Textus Receptus

–

HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH, Philip Schaff, Parsons Technology, Inc., Cedar Rapids, IA 52404, USA, 1999, Electronic Media.

–

HOLMAN BIBLE DICTIONARY, General Editor: Trent C. Butler, PH. D., Holman Bible Publishers, Nashville, TN 37234, USA, 1991-1998, Electronic Media.  *****

HOW TO INTERPRET THE BIBLE, USEFUL HERMENEUTICAL PRINCIPLES, Stephen R. Woods, The Great Unpublished.Com., 2003.

INTERPRETING THE SYMBOLS AND TYPES, Kevin J. Conner, BT Published, Portland OR, 97220, USA, 1992.

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BIBLE ENCYCLOPEDIA, James Orr, Parsons Technology Inc., Cedar Rapids, IA 52404, USA, 1999, Electronic Media.

–

INTRODUCTION TO BIBLICAL COUNSELING: A Basic Guide To The principles and practice of counseling, John F. MacArthur, Jr., Wayne A. Mack, and the Master’s College Faculty, W Publishing Group, a Division of Thomas Nelson, Inc., Nashville, TN 37214, USA, 1994, Page 00.     Uses Alexandrian Codex      

–

JEWISH CULTURE AND CUSTOMS, A SAMPLER OF JEWISH LIFE, Steve Herzig, the friends of Israel Gospel ministry, Inc., Bellmawr, NJ, 08099, USA, 1997.

–

KOINONIA HOUSE, Founder: Dr. Chuck Missler, Coeur d’Alene, ID 83816, USA, 2008, Electronic Media, found @ khouse.org.

MICROSOFT ENCARTA ENCYCLOPEDIA 2000, Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA  98052, USA, 1993-1999, Electronic Media.

NELSONS ILLUSTRATED ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLE FACTS, J. I. Packer, Merrill C. Tenney, William White, Jr.; Thomas Nelson Publishers, Nashville – Atlanta – London – Vancouver, 1995, Page 00.   Uses Alexandrian Codex

NEW COMMENTARY ON THE WHOLE BIBLE (Based on the classic commentary of Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown), General Editor: J. D. Douglas, New Testament Editor: Philip W. Comfort, 2008, Electronic Media.

NEW TESTAMENT EXEGESIS, Benjamin Chapman, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, MI 49506, USA, 1977.  ****

NEW TESTAMENT GREEK SYNTAX, Wesley J. Perschbacher, Moody Press, Chicago, IL 60610, USA, 1995.   Uses Alexandrian Codex

NTGREEK.ORG ~ “RESOURCES FOR LEARNING NEW TESTAMENT GREEK,” Corey Keating, http://www.ntgreek.org

NUMBER IN THE SCRIPTURE, IT’S SUPERNATURAL DESIGN AND SPIRITUAL SIGNIFICANCE, E.W. Bullinger, Kregel Publications, Grand Rapids, MI 49501, USA, 1890 / Reprint in 1967.   ***** Uses only the Textus Receptus

ROBINSON’S MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS CODES, Maurice A. Robinson, for use with the Greek New Testaments containing parsing or declension codes.  E-Sword, Ver. 8.0.6, Rick Myers; http://www.e-sword.net ******* Uses only the Textus Receptus

ROBERTSON’S WORD PICTURES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT, Vol. IV, A. T. Robertson, Boardman Press Inc., Nashville, TN 37234, USA, 1960, Page 00. Uses Alexandrian Codex

STRONG’S EXHAUSTIVE CONCORDANCE, TOGETHER WITH DICTIONARIES OF HEBREW AND GREEK WORDS, James Strong, Baker Book House Company, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA, 1981-1998, Electronic Media.

SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY, Charles Hodge, (3 vols), Hendrickson Publishers Inc., Peabody, MA 01961, USA (reprinted by William. B. Eerdman’s Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, MI 49502, USA, 2003, Page 00.    Uses only the Textus Receptus

THAYER’S GREEK DEFINITIONS, Joseph Henry. Thayer, Parsons Technology Inc., Cedar Rapids, IA 52404, USA, 2008, Electronic Media.  Uses Alexandrian Codex

–

THE COMING PRINCE, Sir Robert Anderson, Kregel Publications, Grand Rapids, MI 49501, USA, 1894, / Reprint in 1957, Page 00.

THE HEBREW – GREEK KEY STUDY BIBLE, Spiros Zodhiates, PH T., AMG Publications, Chattanooga, TN 37422, USA, 1984, Page 00.  ******   Uses the Textus Receptus (Available in New American Standard & using the Strong’s Identifying Numbers)

–

THE COMPLETE WORD STUDY NEW TESTAMENT WITH GREEK PARALLEL, Spiros Zodhiates, PH T., AMG Publications, Chattanooga, TN 37422, USA, 1990, Page 00.  ****** Uses the Textus Receptus (Using the Strong’s Identifying Numbers)

–

THE COMPLETE WORD STUDY DICTIONARY – NEW TESTAMENT, Spiros Zodhiates, PH T., AMG Publications, Chattanooga, TN 37422, USA, 1992, Page 00.  ****** Uses the Textus Receptus  (Using the Strong’s Identifying Numbers)

– 

THE COMPLETE WORD STUDY DICTIONARY – OLD TESTAMENT, Spiros Zodhiates, PH T., AMG Publications, Chattanooga, TN 37422, USA, 1994, Page 00.  ****** Used the Textus Receptus  (Using the Strong’s Identifying Numbers)

–

THE INTERLINEAR HEBREW/GREEK ENGLISH BIBLE, (4 vols), Jay Green, Associated Publishers and Authors, Lafayette, IN, USA, 1979.   Uses only the Textus Receptus  ******

–

THE IVP BIBLE BACKGROUND COMMENTARY, NEW TESTAMENT, Craig S. Keener, inner varsity press, Downers Grove Illinois 60515, USA, 1993.  **

THE KJV PARALLEL BIBLE COMMENTARY, Thomas Nelson Publishers, Nashville, TN 37234, USA 1994, Page 00.  ***  Uses only the Textus Receptus

THE LIFE AND TIMES OF JESUS THE MESSIAH, Alfred Edersheim, Hendrickson Publishers, Inc., 1993, Pages 00.  ****

THE NEW BIBLE SURVEY, J. Lawrence Eason, Zondervan Publishing House, Grand Rapids, MI 49502, USA, 1966, Page 00.  ***

THE SEPTUAGINT VERSION: GREEK AND ENGLISH, Sir Lancelot C.L. Brenton, Zondervan Publishing House, Grand Rapids, MI, USA, 1970, electronic edition.

THE TABERNACLE, M. R. DeHaan, Zondervan Publishing House, Grand Rapids, MI 49502, USA, 1955.

THE TABERNACLE, ITS PRIEST AND ITS SERVICES, William Brown, Hendrickson Publishers, Inc., Peabody, MA 01961, USA, 1997.  ****

–

THE TABERNACLE PRIESTHOOD IN OFFERINGS, I. M. Haldeman, Fleming H. Revell Co., Westwood, NJ, USA, 1925.

THE TEXT USED IS FROM THE: “H KAINH ΔΙΑΘΚΗ” (Greek New Testament) translation by the Trinitarian Bible Society, and is a Byzantine text in accordance with the Textus Receptus.  ******

THE VICTOR BIBLE BACKGROUND COMMENTARY, NEW TESTAMENT, Lawrence O. Richards, Victor books, 1825 College Ave., Wheaton Illinois 60187, USA, 1994.  [Though this author disagrees with their use of the NIV, TLB, PH].  ***

THE WITNESS OF THE STARS, E. W. Bullinger, Kregel Publications, Grand Rapids, MI 49501, USA, 1893, / Reprint in 1967.  ****   Uses only the Textus Receptus

THEOPEDIA, ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL CHRISTIANITY, Internet resource research search engine, www.theopedia.com.

–

TYPES IN HEBREW, Sir Robert Anderson, Kregel Publications, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49501, USA, 1978. ******

–

UNDERSTAND THE TIMES, Founder: Roger Oakland, PO Box 27239, Santa Ana, CA 92799, USA, 2008, Electronic Media.

–

UNGER’S BIBLE DICTIONARY, Merrill F. Unger, Moody Press, Chicago, IL 60610, 1979.

–

VINE’S EXPOSITORY DICTIONARY OF OLD AND NEW TESTAMENT WORDS, W.E. Vine, Ellis Enterprises Inc., Oklahoma City, OK 73120, USA, 1988, Electronic Media.  ***  Many Time uses Alexandrian Codex, but also the Textus Receptus, and most importantly advises which text is used

–

WHY CHRISTIANS CAN’T TRUST PSYCHOLOGY, Ed Bulkley, PH. D., Harvest House Publishers, Eugene, OR 97402, 1993, Page 00.

–

WIERSBE BIBLE COMMENTARY: NEW TESTAMENT, Warren W. Wiersbe, Rick Myers; www.e-sword.net

WIKIPEDIA, THE FREE ENCYCLOPEDIA, @ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page

WILLMINGTON’S GUIDE OF THE BIBLE, Dr. H. L. Willmington, Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., Wheaton, IL 60187, USA, 2008, Electronic media.

–

WORD STUDIES IN THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT, Volume 2, Dr. Kenneth S. Wuest, Wm. B. Eerdman’s Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, MI 49502, USA, 1990, “Hebrews in the Greek New Testament,” Electronic Media.  ******** 

 –

COMMENTARIES: ****

–

CRITICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL COMMENTARY, (6 vols) Robert Jamieson, A.R. Faussett, David Brown, William B. Eerdmans Publishing company, Grand Rapids, MI 49502, USA. Uses Alexandrian Codex

ALBERT BARNES’ NOTES ON THE BIBLE, Albert Barnes, Blackie and Sons Publications, London, 1851. (Reprinted by Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA.   ****

THE PULPIT COMMENTARY (26 Vol), H.D.M. Spence & Joseph S. Exell, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA, 1950.  ****

–

ROBERTSON’S WORD PICTURES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT, Vol. IV, A. T. Robertson, Boardman Press Inc., Nashville, TN 37234, USA, 1960, Page 00.

ADAM CLARKE’S COMMENTARY ON THE NEW TESTAMENT, Parsons Technology, Inc., Cedar Rapids, IA 52404, USA, 1999, Electronic Media.  ***

COMMENTARY ON THE OLD TESTAMENT, C. F. Keil, & F. Delitzsch, (trans. from the German, 10 vols), William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, MI, USA, 1978.   Uses Alexandrian Codex

CRITICAL AND EXEGETICAL COMMENTARY ON THE NEW TESTAMENT, (11 vols), Heinrich A.W.  Meyer, T & T Clark, London, 1883.

–

THE KJV PARALLEL BIBLE COMMENTARY, Thomas Nelson Publishers, Nashville, TN 37234, USA 1994, Page 00.  ***  Uses only the Textus Receptus

–

THE VICTOR BIBLE BACKGROUND COMMENTARY, NEW TESTAMENT, Lawrence O. Richards, Victor books, 1825 College Ave., Wheaton Illinois 60187, USA, 1994.  [Though this author disagrees with their use of the NIV, TLB, PH].  ***

–

EVANGELICAL COMMENTARY ON THE BIBLE, Walter A. Elwell, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids MI 49516, USA, 1994.  [I adamantly disagrees with their use of the NIV].  ***

–

BELIEVERS BIBLE COMMENTARY, William McDonald, Thomas Nelson publishers, Nashville TN, 1995.  ***

–

THE IVP BIBLE BACKGROUND COMMENTARY, NEW TESTAMENT, Craig S. Keener, inner varsity press, Downers Grove Illinois 60515, USA, 1993.  ***

–

NEW COMMENTARY ON THE WHOLE BIBLE (Based on the classic commentary of Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown), General Editor: J. D. Douglas, New Testament Editor: Philip W. Comfort, 2008, Electronic Media.  Uses Alexandrian Codex

 –

BIBLE BACKGROUND COMMENTARY, NEW TESTAMENT, Lawrence O. Richards, Victor Books, Wheaton, IL 60187, USA, 1994, Page 00.   ***

–

WILLMINGTON’S GUIDE OF THE BIBLE, Dr. H. L. Willmington, Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., Wheaton, IL 60187, USA, 2008, Electronic media.

 –

ENCYCLOPEDIAS: ****

 –

NELSONS ILLUSTRATED ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLE FACTS, J. I. Packer, Merrill C. Tenney, William White, Jr.; Thomas Nelson Publishers, Nashville – Atlanta – London – Vancouver, 1995, Page 00.  Uses Alexandrian Codex

THE ZONDERVAN PICTORIAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE BIBLE, Zondervan Publishing House, Grand Rapids, MI, 1975.  ****

THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BIBLE ENCYCLOPEDIA (5 vols), William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., Grand Rapids, MI, 1979.  ****

– 

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF EVANGELISM, Randall Balmer, Baylor University Press, Waco, TX  76704, USA, 2004.  ***

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BIBLE ENCYCLOPEDIA, James Orr, Parsons Technology Inc., Cedar Rapids, IA 52404, USA, 1999, Electronic Media.

–

 DICTIONARIES: ****

HOLMAN BIBLE DICTIONARY, General Editor: Trent C. Butler, PH. D., Holman Bible Publishers, Nashville, TN 37234, USA, 1991-1998, Electronic Media.  *****

–

THE INTERPRETER’S DICTIONARY OF THE BIBLE (5 vols), Abingdon Press, Nashville, TN, 1980.  ****

–

THE ILLUSTRATED BIBLE DICTIONARY (3 vols), Inter-Varsity Press, Leicester, England, 1980.  ****

ELWELL’S EVANGELICAL DICTIONARY OF THEOLOGY, Walter A. Elwell, Baker Book House Company, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA, 1984, Electronic Media.  ***

–

EASTON’S BIBLE DICTIONARY AND BOOK SYNOPSIS, M.G. Easton, Ellis Enterprises Inc.  Oklahoma City, OK 73120, USA, 1988-1999, Electronic Media.  **

–

UNGER’S BIBLE DICTIONARY, Merrill F. Unger, Moody Press, Chicago, IL 60610, 1979.  **

WORD STUDIES: ******

–

WORD STUDIES IN THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT, (3 Vol.) Dr. Kenneth S. Wuest, Wm. B. Eerdman’s Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, MI 49502, USA, 1990. ******

–

THAYER’S GREEK DEFINITIONS, Parsons Technology Inc., Cedar Rapids, IA 52404, USA, 2008, Electronic Media.  Uses Alexandrian Codex

 –

JAMIESON, FAUSSET, BROWN, Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, & David Brown, Hendrickson Publishers, Inc., Peabody, MA 01961, 1948.  Uses Alexandrian Codex

 –

BROWN-DRIVER-BRIGGS’ HEBREW DEFINITIONS, Parsons Technology Inc., Cedar Rapids, IA 52404, USA, 1999, Electronic Media.  ****

–

HARRIS’S THEOLOGICAL WORDBOOK OF THE OLD TESTAMENT, Laid R Harris, Moody Press, Chicago, IL 60610, USA, 1980, Electronic Media.  ***

–

VINCENT’S WORD STUDIES,  Marvin R. Vincent, Covenant Parsonage, New York, USA, 1886, E-Sword, Rick Myers; http://www.e-sword.net

–

VINE’S EXPOSITORY DICTIONARY OF OLD AND NEW TESTAMENT WORDS, W.E. Vine, Ellis Enterprises Inc., Oklahoma City, OK 73120, USA, 1988, Electronic Media.  *** SOMETIMES – Uses Alexandrian Codex, but declares which text is used

–

THE HEBREW – GREEK KEY STUDY BIBLE, Spiros Zodhiates, PH T., AMG Publications, Chattanooga, TN 37422, USA, 1984, Page 00.  *****   Used the Textus Receptus (Available in New American Standard & using the Strong’s Identifying Numbers)

–

THE COMPLETE WORD STUDY NEW TESTAMENT WITH GREEK PARALLEL, Spiros Zodhiates, PH T., AMG Publications, Chattanooga, TN 37422, USA, 1990, Page 00.  ***** Used the Textus Receptus (Using the Strong’s Identifying Numbers)
–

THE COMPLETE WORD STUDY DICTIONARY – NEW TESTAMENT, Spiros Zodhiates, PH T., AMG Publications, Chattanooga, TN 37422, USA, 1992, Page 00.  ***** Used the Textus Receptus  (Using the Strong’s Identifying Numbers)

–

THE COMPLETE WORD STUDY DICTIONARY – OLD TESTAMENT, Spiros Zodhiates, PH T., AMG Publications, Chattanooga, TN 37422, USA, 1994, Page 00.  ***** Used the Textus Receptus  (Using the Strong’s Identifying Numbers) 

–

BIBLES / INTERLINEAR / LEXICONS / GRAMMATICAL CODE ~ FOR STUDYING ORIGINAL LANGUAGES: *****!

–

THE INTERLINEAR HEBREW/GREEK ENGLISH BIBLE, (KJV) Jay Green, Associated Publishers and Authors, Lafayette, IN, USA, 1979.  *****  Uses only the Textus Receptus

THE SEPTUAGINT VERSION: GREEK AND ENGLISH, Sir Lancelot C.L. Brenton, Zondervan Publishing House, Grand Rapids, MI, USA, 1970, electronic edition.  *****

ROBINSON’S MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS CODES, for use with the Greek New Testaments containing parsing or declension codes.  E-Sword, Ver. 8.0.6, Rick Myers; http://www.e-sword.net.  ****** Uses only the Textus Receptus

NTGREEK.ORG ~ “RESOURCES FOR LEARNING NEW TESTAMENT GREEK,” Corey Keating, http://www.ntgreek.org ******

HEBREW AND ENGLISH LEXICON OF THE OLD TESTAMENT, (Numerically coded to Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance), Francis Brown, S. R. Driver, & Charles A. Briggs, Associated Publishers and Authors, Lafayette, IN 47901, USA, 1981.  ****

NEW TESTAMENT GREEK SYNTAX, Wesley J. Perschbacher, Moody Press, Chicago, IL 60610, USA, 1995. Uses Alexandrian Codex 

THE ENGLISHMAN’S GREEK CONCORDANCE OF THE NEW TESTAMENT, G. V. Wigram, (Numerically coded to Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance), Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, MI, 1979.  ****

–

THE ENGLISHMAN’S HEBREW AND CHALDEE CONCORDANCE OF THE OLD TESTAMENT, G. V. Wigram, (Numerically coded to Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance), Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, MI, 1980.  ****

STRONG’S EXHAUSTIVE CONCORDANCE TOGETHER WITH DICTIONARIES OF HEBREW AND GREEK WORDS, James Strong, Baker Book House Company, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA, 1981-1998, Electronic Media.  **** For the Concordance use Only!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

–

HEBREW GREEK KEY STUDY BIBLE, (KJV) Spiros Zodhiates, PH T., AMG Publications, Chattanooga, TN 37422, USA, 1990, Page 00.  ***  Uses only the Textus Receptus

–

GESENIUS’ HEBREW AND CHALDEE LEXICON TO THE OLD TESTAMENT SCRIPTURES, S. P. Tregelles, (Numerically Coded to Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance), Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, MI, 1979.

–

DAKE’S ANNOTATED REFERENCE BIBLE, Finis Jennings Dake, Dake Bible Sales, Inc., Lawrenceville, GA 30246, USA, 1963-1991, Page 00.  Uses only the Textus Receptus

–

HERMENEUTICS / EXEGESIS / TEXTUAL CRITICISM: *****

– 

INERRANCY, Norman L. Geisler, Zondervan Publishing House, Grand Rapids, MI 49502, USA, 1980. ****

– 

NEW TESTAMENT EXEGESIS, Benjamin Chapman, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, MI 49506, USA, 1977.  ****

HOW TO INTERPRET THE BIBLE, USEFUL HERMENEUTICAL PRINCIPLES, Stephen R. Woods, The Great Unpublished.Com., 2003.  **

–

THEOLOGY:****

–

SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY, Lewis Sperry Shafer, (8 vols), Dallas Seminary Press, Dallas, TX, 1947.  ****

–

EVANGELICAL DICTIONARY OF THEOLOGY (2^nd Ed.), Walter A. Elwell, Baker Academic, Baker Book House Company, Grand Rapids, MI 49516, USA, 2001.   ****

–

DICTIONARY OF NEW TESTAMENT THEOLOGY, C. Brown, (vol 3), Zondervan Publishing House, Grand Rapids, MI, USA, 1978.  ***  Uses Alexandrian Codex ?

–

ISRAELOLOGY: THE MISSING LINK IN SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY, Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, Ariel Ministries Press, Tustin, CA, 1989.  ****

SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY, Charles Hodge, (3 vols), Hendrickson Publishers Inc., Peabody, MA 01961, USA (reprinted by William. B. Eerdman’s Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, MI 49502, USA, 2003, Page 00.  ****   Uses only the Textus Receptus

–

THEOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF THE OLD TESTAMENT, G.J. Botterweck, & H. Ringgren, (4 vols), William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., Grand Rapids, MI, 1980.  ****

–

THEOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT, G. Kittel & G. Friedrich, (10 vols), William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., Grand Rapids, MI, 1976.  Uses Alexandrian Codex

–

PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY, Floyd H. Barackman, Fleming H. Revell Co., Old Tappan, NJ 07675, USA, 1984.  ***

BIBLICAL THEOLOGY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT, Charles Caldwell Ryrie, Moody Press, Chicago IL 60610, USA, 1959.   ***

–

DOCTRINE: ****

–

ALL THE DOCTRINES OF THE BIBLE, Herbert Lockyer, Zondervan Publishing House, Grand Rapids, MI 49502, USA, 1964-1975.  *****

–

DICTIONARY OF PREMILLENNIAL THEOLOGY, Larry V. Crutchfield, Mal Couch General Editor, Kregel Publications, Grand Rapids, MI, 1996, page 00.  *****

–

DISPENSATIONAL TRUTH, Clarence Larkin, Larkin Estate, Glendale, PA, USA, 1918.

–

COMBAT FAITH – UNSHAKABLE FAITH FOR EVERYDAY, Hal Lindsey, Western Front, Ltd., Publishing Company, Palos Verdes, CA, USA, 1999.

–

CULTURAL INSIGHTS: ****

 –

THE LIFE AND TIMES OF JESUS THE MESSIAH, Alfred Edersheim, Hendrickson Publishers, Inc., 1993, Pages 00.  *****

–

HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH, Philip Schaff, Parsons Technology, Inc., Cedar Rapids, IA 52404, USA, 1999, Electronic Media.  ****

–

A SHORT LIFE OF CHRIST, Everett F. Harrison, William. B. Eerdman’s Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, MI 49502, USA, 1980, Page 00.  ***

–

JEWISH CULTURE AND CUSTOMS, A SAMPLER OF JEWISH LIFE, Steve Herzig, the friends of Israel Gospel ministry, Inc., Bellmawr, NJ, 08099, USA, 1997.  ***

–

BIBLE SURVEYS: ****

–

A GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE BIBLE, Norman L. Geisler & William E. Nix, Moody press, Chicago IL, USA, 1968, Page 00.  ****

THE NEW BIBLE SURVEY, J. Lawrence Eason, Zondervan Publishing House, Grand Rapids, MI 49502, USA, 1966, Page 00.  ***

–

FAITH BUILDERS:*****

–

THE COMING PRINCE, Sir Robert Anderson, Kregel Publications, Grand Rapids, MI 49501, USA, 1894, / Reprint in 1957, Page 00.******

–

TYPOLOGY / FIGURES OF SPEECH / BIBLICAL SYMBOLS: ****

–

FIGURES OF SPEECH USED IN THE BIBLE, E. W. Bullinger, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA, 1898, / Reprint in 1999.  *****   Uses only the Textus Receptus

–

THE WITNESS OF THE STARS, E. W. Bullinger, Kregel Publications, Grand Rapids, MI 49501, USA, 1893, / Reprint in 1967.  ****   Uses only the Textus Receptus

–

NUMBER IN THE SCRIPTURE, IT’S SUPERNATURAL DESIGN AND SPIRITUAL SIGNIFICANCE, E.W . Bullinger, Kregel Publications, Grand Rapids, MI 49501, USA, 1890 / Reprint in 1967.  ****    Uses only the Textus Receptus

THE TABERNACLE, M. R. DeHaan, Zondervan Publishing House, Grand Rapids, MI 49502, USA, 1955.  Uses Alexandrian Codex ?

THE TABERNACLE, ITS PRIEST AND ITS SERVICES, William Brown, Hendrickson Publishers, Inc., Peabody, MA 01961, USA, 1997.  ****

–

THE TABERNACLE PRIESTHOOD IN OFFERINGS, I. M. Haldeman, Fleming H. Revell Co., Westwood, NJ, USA, 1925.  ****

THE TEMPLE, ITS MINISTRY AND SERVICES, Alfred Edersheim, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, MI, 1958.  ****

–

TYPES IN HEBREW, Sir Robert Anderson, Kregel Publications, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49501, USA, 1978.   ****

–

INTERPRETING THE SYMBOLS AND TYPES, Kevin J. Conner, BT Published, Portland OR, 97220, USA, 1992.  ***

BIBLICAL NUMEROLOGY, A BASIC STUDY OF THE USE OF NUMBERS IN THE BIBLE, John J. Davis, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, MI 49502, USA, 1968.  [I oppose much of this book] *

–

INTERNET ENCYCLOPEDIAS: **

– 

WIKIPEDIA, THE FREE ENCYCLOPEDIA, @ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page ~ Use discretion.

– 

THEOPEDIA, ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BIBLICAL CHRISTIANITY, Internet resource research search engine, www.theopedia.com.  Use discretion.

–

MICROSOFT ENCARTA ENCYCLOPEDIA 2000, Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA  98052, USA, 1993-1999, Electronic Media.  Use great discretion!

–

BIBLICAL COUNSELING: *****

WHY CHRISTIANS CAN’T TRUST PSYCHOLOGY, Ed Bulkley, PH. D., Harvest House Publishers, Eugene, OR 97402, 1993, Page 00.  *****

 –

INTRODUCTION TO BIBLICAL COUNSELING: A Basic Guide To The principles and practice of counseling, John F. MacArthur, Jr., Wayne A. Mack, and the Master’s College Faculty, W Publishing Group, a Division of Thomas Nelson, Inc., Nashville, TN 37214, USA, 1994, Page 00.  *****   Uses Alexandrian Codex ?

–

Books by Martin Bogan – All Good ****

–

Books by Jay Adams – All Great  *****

 –

INTERNET WEBSITES: ***

–

KOINONIA HOUSE, Founder: Dr. Chuck Missler, Coeur d’Alene, ID 83816, USA, 2008, Electronic Media, found @ khouse.org.  ****

–

UNDERSTAND THE TIMES, Founder: Roger Oakland, PO Box 27239, Santa Ana, CA 92799, USA, 2008, Electronic Media.****

–

FREE COMPUTER BIBLES: ******

E-SWORD, VERSION 8.0.6, Rick Myers; http://www.e-sword.net ****

Using this program can change your life especially by using the study notes adjacent to the Scripture for reference and Bible note taking.  I learned 30 years ago to take notes in your Bible, if you don’t do this (unless you have a photographic memory – even then it’s presumptuous not take notes), you will never grasp God’s Word as the Holy Spirit desires you to do so.  ~ “And whatsoever ye do, do it heartily, as to the Lord, and not unto men.”  (Colossians 3:23)

3.  Those that are Proponents, Translators, and Advocates of the Alexandrian Codices:

• M. Metzger
• Aland
• Böhm
• Abbot, Ezra
• Aland, Barbara
• Aland, Kurt             (“The Text of the New Testament”…)
• Aldus, Manutius
• Alford, Henry (“The Greek Testament” – 1852)
• Allen, Wikren
• Arndt, William F.
• Aubrey, Mike
• Baarda, Tj
• Barrett, C. K.
• Bartoletti, Vittorio
• Bauer, Walter
• Beasley-Murray, George R.
• Bengel, Johannes Albert (1730) produced texts deviated from TR, utilizing Alexandrian
• Bell, Harold
• Bilabel, Frederick
• Birdsall, J. N.
• Black, Matthew
• Bover, J.M.
• Brannan, Rick ~ “Rico” (Information Architect ~ Logos Bible Software) blogger and speaker
• Bratcher, Robert
• Briggs, Charles (1866 – Studied higher criticism in Germany, great proponent of Higher Criticism)
• Brown, David (Higher Critic, author of “Jamison, Fossett, and Brown Commentary on OT & NT)
• Buttrick, G.A.
• Caird, G. B.
• Campenhausen, Hans Von
• Carson, D. B.
• Charalambakis, Hagedon
• Clark, Adam (believer of higher criticism, thought the Textus Receptus to be corrupted and Arthur of “Adam Clarke’s commentary on the Bible”)
• Clark, Albert
• Coburn, Camden
• Comfort, Philip W. (“Early Manuscripts and Modern Translations of the New Testament”…)
• Cowell, Ernest (“Hort Redivivus: a plea and a program”)
• Danker, Frederick W.
• Daris, Sergio
• Decker, Rodney J.
• Deissman, Adolf (father of papyri insight)
• Douglas, J. D
• Eichhorn, (1787- originator of German Higher Criticism, author of Einleitung”)
• Ellison, H. L. (“New International Dictionary Of The Christian Church”)
• Elliott, Keith
• Epp, Eldon (“A Continuing Interlude in New Testament Textual Criticism,” “The Significance for Determining the Nature of the New Testament text in the Second Century: a Dynamic View of Textural Transmission”)
• Fausset, A. R. (Higher Critic, author of “Jamison, Fossett, and Brown Commentary on the Old and New Testaments”)
• Fee, Gordon (“The Myth of the Early Textual Recension in Alexandria” in: New Dimensions in New Testament Study)
• Erickson, Richard J.
• Evangelical Textual Criticism Blog
• Finegan, Jack
• Friberg, Timothy & Barbara (Analytical Greek New Testament) Greek NT (3^rd) Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece)
• Gallazzi, Claudio
• Geddes, Alexander (1737-1802, further developed Higher Criticism)
• Gerstiner, Hans
• Gingrich, F. Wilbur
• Grant, F. C.
• Gregory, Caspar
• Greenlee, J. Harold (“The Text of the New Testament”)
• Grenfell, B. P.,
• Harrison, Evertt F. (“The Expositors Bible Commentary”)
• Hatch, W. H. P.
• Hawthorne, Gerald F. (“World Biblical Commentary”)
• Hodge, A. A.
• Horsley, G. H. R.
• Hort, Fenton (1881) (The New Testament in the Original Greek)
• Hunt, A. S.
• Hudson, Gary
• Ingrams, Kingston
• Jamieson, Robert (Higher Critic, author of “Jamison, Fossett, and Brown Commentary on OT & NT)
• Karavidopoulos, Johannes
• Kasser, Rudolph
• Keep, David
• Kelly, J. N. D.
• Kent, Homer                   (“The Expositors Bible Commentary”)
• Kenyon, Frederic G. (“handbook to the textual criticism of the New Testament”…)
• Kilpatrick, G. D.
• Kohlenberger, John R.
• Kraeling, Carl H.
• Kramer, Romer
• Kudo, Sakea
• Kutilek, Douglas (found throughout the Internet, presents a good sincere case, yet corrupted)
• Lachman, Karl (1831, 1850?) produced the first text derived from Alexandrian manuscripts
• Lenaerts, Jean
• Lewis, Jack P. (The English Bible, From KJV To NIV: A History And Evolution”)
• Liddell, Henry George
• Lindsey, F. Duane
• Lobel, Edgar
• Lock, John (believe that the Textus Receptus was corrupt and believed in higher criticism, did not believe in the Trinity and would not be considered a true Christian believer)
• Lockman, Franklin Dewey (main editor of NASV)
• Louw, Johannes P.
• Marshall, Alferd
• Martin, Ralph P. (“The World Biblical Commentary”)
• Martin, Victor
• Martini, Carlo M.
• Merell, J.
• Merk, Augustine
• Metzger, Bruce M. (“The Text of the Greek New Testament” – 1968)
• Michael D. Marlowe,
• Moises, Silva
• Morford, William (“One New Man” Bible, uses UBS4)
• Morris, Leon (“Expositors Bible Commentary”)
• Morton, A. Q.
• Moulton & Milligan (The Vocabulary of the Greek Testament) Papyri lexicon
• Naldini, M.
• Nestlé, Eberhard (1898) (“Novum Testamentum Graece”)
• Nestlé, Erwin – son of Eberhard (1927 took over his father’s work, joined by Kirk Aland in 1950)
• Newman, Berkeley
• Newton, Sir Isaac (He did not believe in the Trinity in that Jesus was equal with God, and that the Textus Receptus was corrupt – he was given to Higher Criticism and believed that 1 John 5:7 and 1 Timothy 3:16 were later added to the text – he did not believe in the faith that could not be understood – I do not consider him a true Christian)
• Nida, Eugene A.
• Osburn, Carroll D.
• Parker, D.C.
• Pfeiffer, Charles F. H.
• Pickering, S. R.
• Pintaudi, Rosario
• Piselli, E.
• Porter, Calvin
• Preuschen,
• Reichmann, Victor
• Robertson, Archibald Thomas (thought the Textus receptors was corrupt and believed in higher criticism, and is author of “Word Pictures in the New Testament”)
• Roberts, Colin H. (“Greek Papyri”)
• Roca-Puig, P.
• Rosch, Friedrich
• Sanders, Henry A.
• Scanlin, Harold P.
• Schnackenburg, Rudolph
• Schofield, Ellwood
• Schwartz, J.
• Scott, Robert
• Skeat, Theodore
• Smith, W. Robertson
• Stegmuller, Otto
• Tasker, R. V. G.
• Testuz, Michael
• Thrall, Margaret E.
• Tiltin, H.
• Tischendorf, Constantin von (1869-72) (Discovered: Codex Sinaiticus)
• Tregelles, Samuel (1857-72) (produced Greek text using Alexandrian, came out in six parts)
• Turner, Eric G. (“Studies of The Papyri”)
• Twilley, L. D.
• Vielli, G.
• Von Soden
• Weiss, Bernhard (1894-1900)
• Wessely, Karl
• Westcott, Brooke F. (“introduction to the New Testament in the original Greek”)
• White, James
• Wikgren, Allen
• Williams, James
• Zuntz, Gunther

If there are any mistakes in that I have listed the wrong individuals I am always anxious to be corrected.   But normally speaking these are the individuals that I avoid

4.  Wikipedia Regarding Greek Deponent Verb and Middle Voice

“I used this explanation because it was the simplest to understand for the layman, without getting into more complicated issues”, Brent ~ LINK

Brent

11/11/2017